American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine

The desire for distinction in conjunction with direct physical contact contributed to conduction of athletic events of high intensity and to cause of sports injuries. Purpose of this research is the identification and analysis of the first fatal incident of pankration in antiquity. The survey classified the pankration in category of ancient writers called heavy events. According to results the range of allowable holds combined with the liberality of movements, make possible the presence of serious injuries (lacerations, bruises, dislocations) and fatalities. Despite the expected high number of fatalities, this research has been found only one reported incident in which the athlete (pankratiast) Arrachion died because the choking hold, who had been implemented. In causing the incident crucial role played the kind of the applied hold in conjunction with the locked anatomical region (larynx), the neck entrapment in the elbow joint and the outcome of the athlete due to hypoxia or anoxia. After a review of literature, the book of Pausanias “’s Excursion”, VIII, 40. 1-2., was identified and analyzed as the text which contains the first fatal injury of pankration in the world history.

American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2015, 3(4), 82-84. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-3-4-3
Pub. Date: November 16, 2015

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The Effect of Listening to Brain Waves’ Relaxing and Exciting Music during Intense Endurance Training on Blood Cortisol Levels of Adult Men

by Saeed Rahmaty, Pooneh Dehghan, Keivan Khoramipour and Mostafa Saboory

Original Research

Objectives: Listening to music during exercise could be used to counteract reduced immune function in endurance athletes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of listening to music, with relaxing and stimulating effect on the brain waves, during intense endurance exercise on blood cortisol levels of adult men. Methods: In this study, eight healthy men (n=8) with mean age of (23.25±1.83 years) were asked to perform four different protocols in a crossover design, after pre-test determination of their cortisol levels. Protocols included: intense endurance training (control) (A), intense endurance training with relaxing music (B), intense endurance training with exciting music (C), and intense endurance training with music stimulating their brain waves in four non-consecutive days (D). Their post-test cortisol levels were determined. To analyze data, the statistical tests ANOVA R.M and LSD were used. Results: A significant increase was observed in cortisol levels in protocols A and B, compared to pre-test (P≤0.05). While changes of the other two protocols, C and D, were not significant. (P>0.05). Conclusion: The findings show that listening to exciting music and music stimulating brain waves counteracts cortisol rise during intense endurance exercise.

American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2015, 3(4), 77-81. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-3-4-2
Pub. Date: November 06, 2015

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Acute Hematological Changes in Jiu Jitsu Athletes

by Nestor Persio Alvim Agricola and Lidia Andreu Guillo

Original Research

This study deals with acute changes in hematological parameters in athletes of the brazilian fight Jiu Jitsu. The aim is to discuss the variations of these parameters in athletes who underwent some training in two different levels of intensity in order to identify the effects of this kind of sport, in what relates to effort intensity features in the organism, and also analyze the possibilities in what has to do with human health. Fourteen volunteers participated in this study, athletes with at least 2 years of practice in this type of fight and competitors. The athletes were monitored for over 2 months in their training routine. Blood samples were collected formerly and immediately after the training sessions in two specific moments, the first collection happened right next to one of the team target competitions and the second collection in post competition period. There was a statistically significant increase in total leukocytes and platelets (both months), neutrophils (month #1), lymphocytes and monocytes (month #2) and significant decrease in eosinophils (both months). The changes induced by exercising in a state of organic homeostasis don’t seem to affect the red series, acutely. However, the white series is largely affected by physical effort, and its magnitude keeps depending on the intensity of effort and the modality of fight.

American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2015, 3(4), 70-76. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-3-4-1
Pub. Date: November 05, 2015

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