by Karen Birkenhead, Chris Barnett and Colin Solomon
Original Research
Physical exercise requiring oxidative energy transfer increases pulmonary ventilation (VE). In an air polluted environment, the exercise-induced increase in VE increases the volume of toxic gases and number of toxic particles to which the pulmonary system is exposed. Using a respiratory air-filtering device (RAFD) during exercise decreases exposure to inhaled toxic gases and particles. However, a RAFD creates external resistance to inspiration and expiration which could decrease pulmonary muscle function and pulmonary volumes, and creates an external mechanical dead-space which produces fractional rebreathing which could increase pulmonary flowrates. This experiment tested the hypotheses that using a RAFD during exercise would; decrease post-exercise peak inspiratory pressure (PPI) and peak expiratory (PPE) pressure, FVC and FEV1, and increase post-exercise flowrates. Using a repeated-measures, counter-balanced design, six healthy moderately aerobically-trained, men (mean ± SD; age 24.7 ± 1.7 years; peak oxygen utilization [VO2peak] 42.8 ± 5.3 ml kg-1 min-1) completed two 30 min exercise test sessions at a power output equal to 75% VO2peak. One session was performed not using (NORAFD), and one using a RAFD (Moldex 8000) fitted with organic vapor cartridges and combined dust and mist pre-filters (inspiratory resistance = 0.216 kPa, expiratory resistance = 0.094 kPa at 85.0 l min-1). All pulmonary function tests were performed immediately pre-(Pre) and 0 (Post-0), 5 (Post-5), and 15 (Post-15) min post-exercise. There was a significant (p<0.05) main effect of time with an increase in FEV1, FEV1/FVC%, PEF, and FEF50% from Pre to Post-0. There were no other within or between condition differences in any of the pulmonary muscle pressures, volumes or flowrates. It was concluded that using a RAFD during moderate intensity medium duration exercise does not affect post exercise pulmonary function.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2020, 8(2), 69-75. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-8-2-5
Pub. Date: November 23, 2020
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by Ratko Pavlović, Borko Petrović, Martin Pupiš and Elena Bendikova
Original Research
Background: The Worlds Athletics Championships, along with the Olympic Games, represent the largest review of athletes in which they record top results, often projecting new world records. Any research that analyzes top athletes contributes to shedding light on a number of issues. It is especially interesting to analyze and compare the results of athletes from one time distance. The main goal of the research was to determine the result differences in sprint, jumping and throwing disciplines, between men's and women's finalists participating in the World Athletics Championships in Edmonton, 2001 and Doha in 2019. Methods: the current study included a total of 493 finalists (247 men's and 246 women's) of the World Championships in Edmonton, 2001 and Doha, 2019. The results in sprint, jumping and throwing disciplines were analyzed in order to determine the result differences in the championship finals. To obtain the necessary information, a t-test for independent samples was applied and the relevant statistical parameters were calculated. Results: the results were confirmed between the final evident differences in all disciplines. Men in Edmonton were successful in 41% of the discipline (400m, pole vault, discus throw, hammer throw, javelin throw), and in Doha 59% of the discipline (100m, 200m, 110H, high jump, long jump, triple jump), while in the category of women's finalists, participants in Edmonton were successful in 17% of disciplines (long jump, throwing the ball), while female athletes were successful in 83% of disciplines (100m, 200m, 400m, 110H, triple jump, high jump, high jump with a pole, Throwing a spear, throwing a discus, throwing a hammer). Statistically significant differences between male finalists were recorded only in the disciplines: 200m (t=2.318; p<0.039), throwing the ball (t= -2.939; p<0.009) and hammer throw (t= -2.802; p<0.013), and in female finalists in the 200m disciplines (t=2.402; p<0.025), pole vault (t=-5.552; p<0.000) and hammer throw (t= -6.410; p<0.000). Conclusion: the consequences of this distribution of differences finalist can be found in various morphological, motor and biomechanical parameters, technical experience, neuromuscular movements, level of motivation and preparedness at the time of onset and other endogenous-exogenous factors.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2020, 8(2), 60-68. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-8-2-4
Pub. Date: November 19, 2020
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by Getu Teferi
Original Research
Corona viruses are sort of viruses that are phenotypically and genotypically diverse. The outbreak of COVID-19 starts in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The research method of this article is a systematic review based on search strategy by used terms in relation with physical activity and Covid-19. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many people around the world to stay at home and self-isolate for a long period of time. These leads to psychological outcomes such as depression, post-traumatic stress symptoms, panic, confusion, anger, fear, and substance misuse and develops Sedentary Death Syndrome and reduce individuals’ functional ability. Increased physical activity levels and fitness help alleviate or relieve Covid-19 associated health problems such as depression, anxiety and stress (mental health) and at this time if an individual follows a physically active lifestyle or participate regularly in home based physical activity, it has been found to be an effective way of improving fitness and overall health of individual. The effect of regular home based exercise training has a significant positive effect on overall health of individuals. Mental and physical well-being are negatively affected by sedentary habits and positively affected by active lifestyle.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2020, 8(2), 53-59. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-8-2-3
Pub. Date: August 30, 2020
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by Getu Teferi and Dessalew Endalew
Original Research
Biomechanical analysis involves the evaluation of techniques and tactics in sports. Qualitative method of analysis describes quality without the use of number. Quantitative analytical method entails the collection, measurement and evaluation of data involves the use of number. On average, athletes and coaches can only recall 30% of performance correctly. Performance analysis helps with the remaining 70% by providing accurate performance data. The main aim of this systematic review paper discusses the concept of biomechanics and the methods of biomechanical performance analyses used in sports. Sports Biomechanics professionals work with coaches and athletes to break down technique to help enhance performance and prevent injury. The objective of sport biomechanics is to provide information to coaches and athletes on sport skill techniques that will help them to obtain the highest level of athletic performance. Therefore, sport clubs, institutions, academies, managers, athletes and other concerned bodies working on development of sport and improving athletic performance for their coaching staff.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2020, 8(2), 47-52. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-8-2-2
Pub. Date: August 30, 2020
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by Ratko Pavlović
Original Research
Background: Hammer throw is the most complex athletic throwing discipline with a rotational trajectory and the strong action of several different forces that try to disable the projected throwing trajectory. Kinematic parameters are an important segment in the analysis of athletic disciplines, including hammer throw. Aim study:The aim of the study was to determine the influence of spatial and temporal biomechanical parameters on hammer throw results. Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 56 male and female World Championship finalists (Berlin, 2009, Daegu, 2011, London, 2017). Multiple regression analysis was applied to determine the influence of defined kinematic parameters on the result performance of the throw. Result: The results of the male finalists confirmed the direct correlation between the starting speed (r=0.64 p=0.001), the first turn speed (r=0.47 p=0.017), the release velocity (r=0.86 p=0.000), the release of angle (r=0.37 p=0.049), and the inverse effect of the duration of the first (r=-0.40 p=0.046) and third turn (-0.46 p=0.020). The regression function of the male sample also confirmed the influence of starting speed, release of velocity (p=0.01 p<0.05) and angle of release (p=0.04 p<0.05). In the female finalists, the direct correlation is between the release of velocity (r=0.90 p=0.000), the angle of release (r=-0.62 p=0.000) and the fourth turn speed (r=0.50 p=0.002). The regression function for the female sample confirmed a high negative influence of the starting speed, while the direct influence was recorded at the release of velocity (p=0.02 p<0.05) at the given level of statistical significance of the regression function. Conclusion: The defined set of kinematic parameters had a significant impact on the result performance of male and female hammer throw finalists.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2020, 8(2), 36-46. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-8-2-1
Pub. Date: July 09, 2020
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