by Barouch Giechaskiel
Case Report
Increases in strength and muscle mass can be achieved with weight training and adequate recovery (including nutrition and sleep). The time course of recovery and adaptation (super-compensation) for different number of sets has not been adequately investigated in the literature. A 40-year-old well-trained male exercised the chest with (a) 3 sets of bench press, (b) 5 sets of bench press, (c) 5 sets of bench press and 4 sets of dips, all to momentary concentric muscular failure during a 6 months body split program. The recovery was assessed by comparing the number of repetitions of the first bench press set to the previous training session. The results showed that with 3 and 5 sets to failure adaptation (+1 repetition) took place after 5 days. 9 sets needed 7 days for recovery and no adaptation took place. The adaptation was faster when exercising the chest without trainings the back and/or legs, indicating that Selye’s adaptation energy (resources potential) might be applicable to weight training as well. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and motivation (mood) were found to be useful indexes of recovery. Implications on training volume and frequency and how the findings can be applied in practice are discussed.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2018, 6(3), 89-98. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-6-3-5
Pub. Date: September 24, 2018
11209 Views1635 Downloads
by Peter D. Hart
Original Research
Background: Physical fitness tests are often administered as a battery, allowing for several different fitness scores. Furthermore, fitness scores are generally considered outcome variables, with no one test causing the performance of another. Therefore, using loglinear models to examine the relationship between fitness test performances is appropriate. Methods: This study used data from a campus-based fitness study of college students. Four physical fitness measures were used in the analysis. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed by a multi-stage running test (VO2max, ml/kg/min). Lower-body power was assessed by a countermovement vertical jump (VJ) test (inches). Muscular endurance was assessed by a maximal push-up (PU) test (repetitions). Muscular strength was assessed by a 1RM bench press (BP) test. Participants were categorized into high or low fitness groups using each sex-specific fitness score median. Results: Results of the initial hierarchical loglinear models indicated no significant four-way or three-way interactions. A simplified loglinear model with all two-factor interactions provided adequate fit to the data. The odds of high BP performance were much greater with high PU (OR=3.2) and VJ (OR=2.3) performance. The odds of high CRF performance were also greater with high PU (OR=2.4) and VJ (OR=2.7) performance. Finally, odds of high PU performance were much greater with high VJ (OR=3.6) performance. CRF and BP were statistically independent. Conclusion: Results from this study indicate that the performance on a fitness test can be related to at least one other fitness test performance.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2018, 6(3), 84-88. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-6-3-4
Pub. Date: September 24, 2018
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by Wangui Anthony Muchiri, Oloo Micky Olutende, Issah W. Kweyu and Esther Vurigwa
Original Research
Aging is a process of inherent change that has separate or joint effects on the individual identity. Aging brings about physiological, psychological and other kinds of changes to the human body. The frail elderly people present a clinical syndrome which comprises of unintentional body weight loss, muscle weakness, slow walking, self-reported exhaustion and low level of physical activity among the elderly people who are over the age of 65. When these changes occur the health benefits of fitness are retained and regress slowly. It is of importance to note that although some of the changes brought by aging can’t be controlled some can be controlled feasible in many of the body organs through exercise. The increasing use of preventive care, better medical management of mobility and changing lifestyles in older persons, exercise has beneficial effects on health and longevity. Psychological care plays useful part in coping with these situations. It also boosts self-esteem, self-confidence and self-worthy and therefore the purpose of this paper is to explore the importance of exercise to the aging persons and how the same helps reduce the effects of aging. This will be done by elaborating how exercise affects different body systems with age. In conclusion, the findings of this paper provide empirical evidence for the importance of supportive environments for the elderly people to continue performing meaningful occupations outdoors
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2018, 6(3), 79-83. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-6-3-3
Pub. Date: September 11, 2018
8855 Views2667 Downloads
by Eon Campbell, Rachael Irving, Janel Bailey, Lowell Dilworth and Wendel Abel
Review Article
Psychophysiological stress appears to be a significant parameter in youth competitive sport participation. Primarily because adolescent athletes are faced with the extreme pressurized scenarios, youth competitive sport offers. Numerous youth sport performers have not learned adaptive coping skills to ameliorate the effects of an inherently stressful environment. This oftentimes results in the elicitation of stress responses, which when prolonged cause an overproduction of hormones which can have severe negative psychological and physiological implications. The implications include a disruption of metabolism and cognitive functioning, as well as cell production in the immune system which may influence the course of chronic diseases and disorders. A detailed understanding of the molecular and genetic events underlying the association of stressors with the psychophysiological pathways is crucial for the design of psychological interventions tailored specifically for athletes so as to improve well-being and performance.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2018, 6(3), 72-78. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-6-3-2
Pub. Date: August 15, 2018
8039 Views2224 Downloads1 Likes
by Ahmed Mohammed Aldakhil, Abdullah Faraj Alshammari and Sattam Saad Alshammari
Original Research
The recent increase in the popularity of scuba diving has emphasized the role of the dentist in the prevention and treatment of oralbarotrauma. Barotrauma is a physical injury that results from ambient pressure changes during flying, diving or hyperbaric oxygen therapy [1]. Pressure changes can induce otitis-media, sinusitis, headache or can be manifested as pain to the oral region [2]. Dental barotrauma can happen while ascending; upon surfacing after completing the dive, the diver may report that a tooth broke or has shattered [4]. Divers may also suffer from signs of tempromandibular disorder such as pain in tempromandibular joint (TMJ) and ears, TMJ clicking or crepitus, trismus and impaired TMJ mobility, headache and facial pain [5]. Hence, this article aims to Assessment of dental and TMJ problems in a sample of SCUBA divers in Jeddah Saudi Arabia,Assessment of dental complaints of divers, Assessment of TMJ problems associated with SCUBA diving and relate the previous problems to diving related characteristics such as the duration of practice, the number of dives and the frequency of diving per month. Material and methods: Divers at four dive centers at the Northern coast of Jeddah (Obhur) asked to complete a questionnaire that requested information regarding diving experience and facial pain and dental symptoms experienced during diving. Cross sectional study assessing the prevalence of dental and TMJ problems among divers. The total number was 60 SCUBA divers. Results: most of divers did not complain of sinusitis (75%). More than have of the sample complained of headache (65%). While facial pain was reported by (46.7%) of the sample. More than half did not experience dental pain (65%) while (35%) had dental pain during diving. More than half of the sample did not experience TMJ pain 70% while (30%) reported having TMJ pain during diving. Conclusions: Scuba diving is one of the fastest growing sports in the world. Since Jeddah is the main port of Saudi Arabia, diving has become an occupation as well a popular sport for many people. This attracted our attention to the importance of evaluating the oral problems related to this activity. It is inevitable that the general dental practitioner will have patients who participate in this sport and they should be aware of a number of problems that a diver can experience that are associated with the teeth and related structures. The dental team must educate the diver patient of the infectious potential of the mouthpiece and recommend using only a private one, and encourage maintenance by hygiene procedures after each use, similar to other removable oral devices. The diver should not dive in times of illness. Diving related TMD symptoms should be differentiated from barotitis symptoms.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2018, 6(3), 67-71. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-6-3-1
Pub. Date: July 23, 2018
9198 Views1871 Downloads