by Sid Solakovic, Emir Solakovic, Ratko Pavlovic, Amina Ahmovic, Mensur Vrcic and Nedim Covic
Original Research
Aim: The aim of the applicative study was to estimate the increasing capability of claudications distance in Fontaine's stage IIa patients of Peripheral artery disease (PAD) with Body Mass Index (BMI) 25-34,9 kg/m2 and Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) 0,8-0,9 by comparing Stationary Bike on High Dose of Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) versus Treadmill wallking program on standard Dose of Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) in Exercise Therapy with life style modification. Patients and methods: This study was conducted from beginning of May, 2017 till end of May, 2018 at the Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery Clinical Center and Department for vascular and endovascular surgery, University of Sarajevo, Special Hospital dr. Solakovic, Sarajevo and Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo. In the study included 60 male patients, age 40-55 with Peripheral Artery Disease (Ankle Brachial Index/ABI) 0,8-0,9, and Body Mass Index (BMI) 25 to 34,9 kg/m2 (30 non surgical traetment patients on standard Treadmill wallking program (control group) and research group consisting of 30 non surgical treatment patients on Stationary Bike), in stadium IIa of peripheral artery disease, with manifestation of mild claudication simptoms. For the testing of statistical significance of differences between the examinated groups parametric tests were used. The difference at a level of (p<0,05) was statistically significant. Results: Analysis shows the no statistically significantdifference between on claudication distance inStationary Bike grupsand impellers standard Treadmill wallking group (p>0,05). Conclusion: Stationary Bike Interval Training can be alternative vascular Therapy and has his on benefits but he can notentirely replace Treadmill Therapy in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease with BMI 25-34.9kg/m2. Treadmill Rehabilitation Therapy still remain generally main strategy of the therapeutic effect on enhancement of claudication distance (Fontaine's stage II) of peripheral artery disease.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2019, 7(2), 51-60. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-7-2-5
Pub. Date: June 28, 2019
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by Peter D. Hart
Original Research
Background: The fitness professional may often benefit from the use of a simple equation in determining a health outcome for an individual in lieu of a more complicated or expensive procedure. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of several standard prediction equations for percent body fat (PBF). Methods: Data used for this study came from a body composition assessment of N = 131 college students. Five different PBF prediction equations were used, with body mass index (BMI), age, and sex as inputs for each (PBFEQ1 thru PBFEQ5). Additionally, PBF using a bioelectric impedance (BIA) handheld device (PBFHH) was measured for each participant. Equivalence reliability was examined across the five PBF prediction equations using different analysis of variance (ANOVA) models of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Convergent validity between the prediction equations and PBFHH was determined by examining Pearson correlation coefficients and Bland and Altman limits of agreement (LOA). Reliability and validity was also examined for obesity classification using the Kappa statistic. Results: Reliability across the five PBF prediction equations was excellent for all ICC models in both female (ICCs > .985) and male (ICCs > .976) analyses. PBFHH scores adequately converged with scores from each prediction equation in both female (rs > .913) and male (rs > .817) analyses. LOA between PBFHH and PBFEQ5 indicate small to moderate bias of 4.0 ± 5.1% and 4.7 ± 7.9% in female and male analyses, respectively. Finally, reliability and validity of the prediction equations to classify participants into obese and non-obese categories ranged from moderate to almost perfect. Conclusion: This study provides psychometric evidence supporting the use of PBF prediction equations in a college student population.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2019, 7(2), 45-50. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-7-2-4
Pub. Date: June 13, 2019
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by Yoshinori Nagasawa and Shinichi Demura
Original Research
It is important to develop a method for the accurate measurement of controlled force exertion (CFE). The CFE test requires subjects to exert force while coordinating submaximal grip strength; therefore, grip strength may affect the CFE value. This study examined the differences in measured values in low and high phases of demand value in the CFE test and the relationship between the measured values and grip strength using 54 healthy young males aged 19-23 years. On the basis of standard values of grip strength related to age (455.7 ± 67.6 N), participants were divided into the following three groups: G1, with low grip strength (n = 13, mean age, 19.9 years, standard deviation (SD) = 0.8 years); G2, with medium grip strength (n = 33, mean age, 20.6 years, SD = 1.3 years); and G3, with high grip strength (n = 8, mean age, 21.6 years, SD = 0.7 years). The participants adjusted the submaximal grip strength of their dominant hands according to changes in the demand values, which were displayed as a sinusoidal waveform with a frequency of 0.1 Hz on a computer screen. The test, which lasted for 40 s, was performed three times, with one-minute intervals, after one practice trial. The sum of the differences between the demand value and the measured grip exertion value in the low demand value phase [5%-15% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)] and high demand value phase [15%-25% MVC] for 30 s was used as the evaluation parameter. Significant differences were found in the measured CFE values of the three groups only in the low demand value phase (F = 3.43, p < 0.05), and the values for G3 were lower than those for G1 and G2, but the effect size (η2) was low (η2 = 0.12). The CFE values showed significant low correlation with grip strength only in the high demand value phase (r= −0.32, p < 0.05). We inferred that the difference in maximum grip strength has a negligible effect on the measured value in both low and high demand value phases of the CFE test in young males.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2019, 7(2), 40-44. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-7-2-3
Pub. Date: June 13, 2019
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by Samuel K Lubega, Mike Lambert, Timothy Makubuya, Shelina Babul, Haruna Muwonge, Robert Zavuga, Josephine Kasolo and Joseph Kalanzi
Case Study
Head injuries in sports often go unnoticed and untreated with a risk of increasing the severity of neurological difficulties for affected athletes. While there is much research on athletes in developed countries, the data on athletes from developing countries is lacking. Using a descriptive case study approach, this report focuses on concussions from four main sports (football, athletics, basketball and rugby). Emphasis was placed on those athletes who had been identified with a sport-related concussion (SRC). The phases of emergency, intermediate, rehabilitative, and return to sports participation were considered in this study. Three SRC cases from both male and female athletes were observed and interviewed for post-injury management from the emergency phase to return to sports participation. There was evidence of lack of specific pre-season screening of athletes for concussion history and standard care for concussed athletes in all the three cases observed using the best medical practice framework. Our study shows barriers such as knowledge among the sports resource providers; a law and policies to mandate care, and the absence of specific facilities for managing athletes with concussions. Implementation of sports health care policies is necessary to mandate care for athletes. Strategies for prevention and management of concussions are necessary, especially through increasing the awareness and knowledge using the Concussion Awareness Training Tool (CATT). Further studies with larger samples are encouraged to ascertain the magnitude of existing barriers.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2019, 7(2), 34-39. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-7-2-2
Pub. Date: April 24, 2019
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by Mayooran S, Nanayakkara S.D.I, Rajaratne A.A.J and Kotakadeniya H.M.S.R.B
Original Research
Running is one of the popular sports worldwide and it is the sport of choice for many in Sri Lanka because of its convenience, health benefits and economical nature. However, the potential for running injuries also has been well documented in the world literature. But unfortunately, at present there is no database available on running injuries among Sri Lankan runners. Aim of this study is to generate scientific details on running injuries among runners in Sri Lanka. A cross sectional study was performed among 256 runners (133 short distance runners and 123 long distance runners) in Sri Lanka who perform at provincial and national level competitions. The prevalence of any form of injury was 50.39% (129 injured athletes among 256 participants), while a total of 143 injuries sustained among 256 runners with the prevalence rate of 55.85%. The prevalence of any form of injury among short distance runners was 46.61% and among long distance runners was 54.47%. The body region showing the highest injury prevalence was the Knee joint (22.38%) in both short and long distance runners. Hamstring (18.18%), lower back (13.99%), ankle (13.29%) and calf (11.19%) were the other common sites of injuries. Abnormal Q angle, flat foot and history of previous injuries were found as associated intrinsic risk factors, while not engaging in stretching exercises by holding a stretch >20 seconds, training at hard intensity and sudden alterations in training pattern were found as associated extrinsic risk factors for injuries in runners. Age, body mass index, leg length discrepancy, training time per week and running shoes were found to have no association with the occurrence of injuries in runners. The findings of this study revealed that injury rate is high and suggests that effective preventive strategies are needed to reduce the injury rate in runners in Sri Lanka.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2019, 7(2), 28-33. DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-7-2-1
Pub. Date: April 01, 2019
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